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Classiarius

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Classiarii</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div class="infobox-caption">Cast of the <a href="Trajan's_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan's column">Trajan's column</a> during the <a href="Conquest_of_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Dacia">conquest of Dacia</a>, depicting some Classiarii on Roman warships (Column, panel no.58 according to Cichorius).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">31 BC – 476 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Seaman_(rank)" title="Seaman (rank)">Seamen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Maneuvering ships</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> (<a href="Classis_Misenensis" title="Classis Misenensis">Classis Misenensis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Classe (<a href="Classis_Ravennatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Classis Ravennatis">Classis Ravennatis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Forum Iulii</a> (<a href="Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Gesoriacum</a> (<a href="Classis_Britannica" title="Classis Britannica">Britannia</a>), <a href="Castra_Vetera" class="mw-redirect" title="Castra Vetera">Castra Vetera</a> - <a href="Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a> (<a href="Classis_Germanica" title="Classis Germanica">Germania</a>), <a href="Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> (Classis Pannonica), Sexaginta Prista-<a href="Noviodunum_ad_Istrum" title="Noviodunum ad Istrum">Noviodunum</a> (<a href="Classis_Flavia_Moesica" title="Classis Flavia Moesica">Classis Flavia Moesica</a>), <a href="Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezus</a> (Classis Pontica), <a href="Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (Classis Alexandrina).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Patron</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">List of Roman external wars and battles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dona_militaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dona militaria">Dona militaria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Current commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Praefectus_classis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praefectus classis">Praefectus classis</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Classiarii (singular: Classiarius; from <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> classis "fleet") referred to all military personnel (from the highest rank of <a href="Roman_navy#High_command" title="Roman navy">praefectus classis</a> to the simplest rank of miles classiarius) and personnel assigned to the maneuvering of ships (e.g., velarii or remiges) or their construction/maintenance (e.g., fabri navales), as part of the <a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a>, an integral part of the <a href="Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, after the <a href="Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>, reformed the army and navy, divided into praetoriae squadrons at <a href="Cape_Miseno" title="Cape Miseno">Miseno</a>, Ravenna (port of Classe) and initially at <a href="Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Forum Iulii</a>, as well as provinciales in <a href="Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, along the <a href="Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Rhine</a>, <a href="Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Danube and Sava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> increased the number of free and <a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincial</a> <a href="Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizens</a> employed among the classiarii sailors, in contrast to what had happened in Augustus' time, where the majority were <a href="Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a> and/or <a href="Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>. The fleet now became part of the regular <a href="Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxilia</a>, where sailors received <a href="Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a> upon discharge (<a href="Honesta_missio" title="Honesta missio">honesta missio</a>) after twenty-six years of service, while their sons were allowed to serve in the <a href="Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milan118-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> created a new fleet in the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Pontus Euxinus</a> (now <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>), the <a href="Classis_Pontica" title="Classis Pontica">Classis Pontica</a>, also using ships that had belonged to the former <a href="Thracians" title="Thracians">kingdom of Thrace</a>, annexed in 46 by Claudius.<a href="#cite_note-Milan118-6">[6]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Under <a href="Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s rule, <a href="Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> tells of a curious episode:</li></ul>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Having asked the sailors for something (allowance) for their shoes, since they had to walk frequently from <a href="Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> and <a href="Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> to Rome, Vespasian did not think it right not to have given them an answer, so he added that the order was to go barefoot, so much so that it is still done that way today [Suetonius' time].</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Suetonius, Life of Vespasian, 8.</div>

<ul><li><a href="Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> carried out the enlistment of the <a href="Legio_I_Adiutrix" title="Legio I Adiutrix">I Adiutrix</a> legions (whose personnel consisted of men who had served in the <a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Italic fleets</a> of <a href="Classis_Misenensis" title="Classis Misenensis">Miseno</a> and <a href="Classis_Ravennas" title="Classis Ravennas">Ravenna</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Keppie213-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Under the rule of <a href="Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, the careers of fleet officers were still restricted to the navy alone.<a href="#cite_note-WE166-10">[10]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>In the third century, classiarii officers were equated with those of the legion as a condition of <a href="Pay_(Roman_army)" title="Pay (Roman army)">stipendium</a>, and thus with the possibility of being transferred and making a career in the legions themselves.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hierarchical_structure_and_organization">Hierarchical structure and organization</h2></div>

The core of a naval crew was formed by the oarsmen (in <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> remiges, sing. remex; in <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> eretai, sing. eretēs). Contrary to popular belief, the <a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a>, as well as that of ancient times in general, based its existence on oarsmen of free status, not on <a href="Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a>, who on the contrary were used only in cases of extreme necessity, so much so that they were then made free prematurely.<a href="#cite_note-Casson188-12">[12]</a> During the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincials</a>, not yet <a href="Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a> but freeborn (<a href="Peregrinus_(Roman)" title="Peregrinus (Roman)">peregrini</a>) from Greece, Phoenicia, Syria and Egypt, formed the main core of fleet crews.<a href="#cite_note-Casson188-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

During the <a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican period</a>, the command of the <a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">fleet</a> was entrusted to a magistrate or <a href="Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">promagistrate</a>, normally of <a href="Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consular</a> or <a href="Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorian</a> rank.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During the <a href="Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, for example, one consul commanded the fleet, while the other commanded the land army. In later wars waged in the East, praetors assumed command of the fleet. However, since these men had political appointments, the actual management of fleets or naval squadrons was entrusted to their subordinates, the certainly more experienced <a href="Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legati</a>. It was therefore during the Punic Wars that the figure of the <a href="Praefectus_classis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praefectus classis">praefectus classis</a> appeared for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

During the early <a href="Principate" title="Principate">principate</a>, a ship's crew, beyond its size, was nevertheless organized as a <a href="Centuria" title="Centuria">centuria</a>. They were framed in fact as soldiers (miles classiarii), maneuverers (remiges and velarii), construction workers (fabri navales) and other duties. The personnel of the fleet were considered inferior, not only to those of the <a href="Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, but also to those of the <a href="Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Casson188-12">[12]</a>

As in the <a href="Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>, each ship, organized in centuria, was placed under the command of a <a href="Centurion" title="Centurion">centurio classiarius</a>, who had in the <a href="Optio" title="Optio">optio</a> his most trusted subordinate. The <a href="Beneficiarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficiarius">beneficiarius</a>, on the other hand, lent a hand at the administrative level.<a href="#cite_note-WE166-10">[10]</a> Among the crew there were a certain number of both principales and <a href="Immunes" title="Immunes">immunes</a>, exactly as was the case in the auxiliary troops.

Regarding high command, on the other hand, during the imperial period, with Augustus the praefectus classis became <a href="Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">procurator Augusti</a>, at the head of each permanent fleet. These posts were initially filled by those who belonged to the <a href="Equites" title="Equites">equestrian order</a>, or beginning with Claudius, by his <a href="Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>, thus ensuring direct imperial control over the various fleets.<a href="#cite_note-WE165-16">[16]</a> With the <a href="Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, the status of praefectus was entrusted only to knights with military experience, who had made a career in the equestrian militiae.<a href="#cite_note-WE165-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Again, the prefect, though endowed with military experience, was nevertheless a politician with little naval knowledge, so much so that he relied on subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-Galley80-18">[18]</a>

Great expertise and responsibility was required of the classiarii, particularly of some key figures:

<ul><li>the gubernator (helmsman) had to know not only the harbors, but also the rocks, shoals or <a href="Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a> present along the shipping route.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Great expertise was required of the same during naval clashes, when the helmsman was of paramount importance in finding the best course to strike the opposing ships or to avoid being sunk by the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV.43.3-20">[20]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Navarch" title="Navarch">Navarchs</a> (ship commanders) were required to have great attention and skill in commanding the ships' crews.<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV.43.3-20">[20]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Courage<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV.43.3-20">[20]</a> and great physical strength was required of oarsmen, as was necessary during a naval battle, when on the calm sea without a breath of wind, everything was entrusted to the thrust of the oars, in order to strike the opponents with the rostrums and, in turn, avoid being struck and sunk.<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV.43.3-20">[20]</a></li></ul>

Finally, it is estimated that there were about 40,000 to 50,000 classiarii during the Early Roman Empire, organized according to the following hierarchical structure:

<ul><li>Commandery:

<ul><li><a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">praefectus classis</a>, or fleet commander, where <a href="Classis_Misenensis" title="Classis Misenensis">praefectus classis Misenensis</a><a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV,32.1-21">[21]</a> represented the most coveted command post, along with <a href="Classis_Ravennas" title="Classis Ravennas">praefectus classis Ravennatis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV,32.1-21">[21]</a> compared to provincial ones;</li>

<li>subpraefectus classis</li></ul></li>

<li>Officers:

<ul><li><a href="Navarch" title="Navarch">navarchus princeps</a>, commander of several squadrons (dozens of ships), equivalent in the <a href="Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legion</a> to <a href="Primus_pilus" title="Primus pilus">primus pilus</a>;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li>

<li><a href="Navarch" title="Navarch">navarchus</a>, commander of a detachment of the mother-fleet (or at any rate a ship<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV,32.2-24">[24]</a>), usually consisting of ten ships;<a href="#cite_note-Casson188-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Starr60.39-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> he was in charge of training helmsmen, oarsmen and soldiers;<a href="#cite_note-VegezioIV,32.2-24">[24]</a></li>

<li>trierarchus, commander of a <a href="Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Casson188-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Starr60.39-25">[25]</a></li>

<li><a href="Centurion" title="Centurion">centurio classiarius</a>, commander of a ship with one hundred miles classiarii (after 70),<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> also equated to a regular "land" <a href="Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> in function of his military career (<a href="Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a>);</li></ul></li>

<li>sub-officers (principales, positions placed under the <a href="Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a>, thus exempt from normal routine duties or services):

<ul><li>Dupicarii (with <a href="Pay_(Roman_army)" title="Pay (Roman army)">pay</a> equal to twice that of the simple miles classiarius):

<ul><li><a href="Optio" title="Optio">Optio</a>: the vice-centurion, one per centuria, who closed the deployment of this unit;</li>

<li><a href="Signifer" title="Signifer">Signifer</a> or <a href="Vexillarius" title="Vexillarius">vexillifer</a>: standard-bearer (signa);</li></ul></li>

<li>sesquiplicarius (with <a href="Pay_(Roman_army)" title="Pay (Roman army)">pay</a> equal to one and a half times that of the simple miles classiarius):

<ul><li>the <a href="Cornicen" title="Cornicen">cornicen</a> and tubicen, players of wind instruments who gave orders during maneuvers or battles;</li>

<li>the <a href="Beneficiarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficiarius">beneficiarius</a> with administrative duties;</li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Troop corps:

<ul><li><a href="Immunes" title="Immunes">immunes</a> soldiers:

<ul><li>the custos armorum, in charge of weapons;</li>

<li>the <a href="Ballistarius" title="Ballistarius">ballistarius</a> and sagittarius, troops specializing in throwing blunt weapons;</li>

<li>medicus, ship's doctor;</li></ul></li>

<li>non-immunes:

<ul><li>miles classiarius, simple soldier;</li>

<li>nauta (sail attendant);</li>

<li>remex (oarsman);</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

Other important roles on ships, probably falling within the group of <a href="Immunes" title="Immunes">immunes</a> were, according to an inscription found at <a href="Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> during the <a href="First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>:

<ul><li>the gubernator (kybernētēs in Greek), the stern helmsman;</li>

<li>the celeusta (keleustēs in Greek), who supervised the oarsmen;</li>

<li>the proreta (prōreus in Greek), who watched from the bow of the ship for the right direction, also to avoid possible obstacles;</li>

<li>pentacontarchos, a young officer.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing,_weapons_and_armor">Clothing, weapons and armor</h2></div>

In order to prevent the boats from being recognized when exploring, they were dyed blue (the color of the sea waves), along with their ropes and sails, to better camouflage themselves.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The same thing applied to the crew of the classiarii, who wore blue uniforms so that they could remain hidden, not only at night but also during the day.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Length_of_service_and_pay">Length of service and pay</h2></div>

Fleet personnel (Classiarii) were divided into two groups: sailors and soldiers. Service lasted 26 years<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> (as opposed to 20 for the <a href="Legionary" title="Legionary">legionaries</a> and 25 for the <a href="Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxilia</a>). From the third century it was increased to 28 years of service. Upon discharge (<a href="Honesta_missio" title="Honesta missio">Honesta missio</a>) sailors were given a <a href="Pay_(Roman_army)" title="Pay (Roman army)">severance pay</a>, land and usually also granted <a href="Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a>, as they were in the status of <a href="Peregrinus_(Roman)" title="Peregrinus (Roman)">peregrini</a> at the time of enlistment.<a href="#cite_note-Galley80-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIL16.1-32">[32]</a> Marriage, on the other hand, was allowed to them only at the end of permanent active service.<a href="#cite_note-CIL16.1-32">[32]</a>

There was a substantial difference in <a href="Pay_(Roman_army)" title="Pay (Roman army)">stipendium</a> between the high ranks of command: the prefects of the two praetoriae fleets (<a href="Classis_Misenensis" title="Classis Misenensis">Misenensis</a> and <a href="Classis_Ravennas" title="Classis Ravennas">Ravennatis</a>), were classified as procuratores ducenarii, i.e., they earned 200,000 <a href="Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a> annually; the prefect of the <a href="Classis_Germanica" title="Classis Germanica">Classis Germanica</a>, <a href="Classis_Britannica" title="Classis Britannica">Classis Britannica</a>, and later the <a href="Classis_Pontica" title="Classis Pontica">Classis Pontica</a>, on the other hand, were procuratores centenarii (earning 100,000 sesterces), while the other prefects were also called procuratores sexagenarii (i.e., they earned 60,000 sesterces).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classiarii_employed_in_the_legions_and_auxiliary_troops">Classiarii employed in the legions and auxiliary troops</h2></div>

A <a href="Legio_XVII" title="Legio XVII">Legio XVII Classica</a>, i.e., naval, probably distinct from one under Octavian that bore the same numbering, was part of <a href="Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>'s army and had to disappear after his <a href="Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">defeat at Actium</a>. A similar fate befell the Legio XXX Classica, which appears to have been stationed in <a href="Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> in late <a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

Two more "naval" legions were, therefore, enlisted under <a href="Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> in 68 (the <a href="Legio_I_Adiutrix" title="Legio I Adiutrix">I Adiutrix</a> from the <a href="Classis_Misenensis" title="Classis Misenensis">classis Misenensis</a>), as well as one of its "twins" in 69 by <a href="Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (the <a href="Legio_II_Adiutrix" title="Legio II Adiutrix">II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis</a><a href="#cite_note-TacitoHistIII50-55-35">[35]</a>).

<ul><li><a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="L'Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1999%2C+01486&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1999, 1486</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="L'Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1968%2C+00472&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1968, 472</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+12%2C+00258&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">XII, 258</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+03%2C+00043&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">III, 43</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Yann Le Bohec, L'esercito romano, Roma 1992, pp. 33 e seg.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Milan118-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milan118_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milan118_6-1">b</a> Alessandro Milan, Le forze armate nella storia di Roma antica, XII, p. 118.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddington2007">Saddington (2007</a>, p. 212)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Keppie213-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Keppie213_8-0">^</a> L. Keppie, The making of the roman army, from Republic to Empire, p. 213.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, Historiae, 86; III, 7 e 21. <a href="L'Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1972%2C+00203&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1972, 203</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-WE166-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WE166_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WE166_10-1">b</a> Webster & Elton (1998), p. 166.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Wesch-Klein (1998), p. 25.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Casson188-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casson188_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casson188_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casson188_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casson188_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casson188_12-4">e</a> Casson (1991), p. 188.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Starr (1960), p. 75 Table 1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Rodgers (1976), p. 60.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">Ab Urbe condita libri</a>, XXVI, 48; XXXVI, 42.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-WE165-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WE165_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WE165_16-1">b</a> Webster & Elton (1998), p. 165.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> A Companion to the Roman Army, p. 210.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Galley80-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galley80_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galley80_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRankov1995">Rankov (1995</a>, p. 80)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, <a href="Epitoma_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a>, IV, 43.1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-VegezioIV.43.3-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV.43.3_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV.43.3_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV.43.3_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV.43.3_20-3">d</a> <a href="Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, <a href="Epitoma_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a>, IV, 43.3.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-VegezioIV,32.1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV,32.1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV,32.1_21-1">b</a> <a href="Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, <a href="Epitoma_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a>, IV, 32.1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddington2007">Saddington (2007</a>, p. 210.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Starr (1960), pp. 42-43.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-VegezioIV,32.2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV,32.2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VegezioIV,32.2_24-1">b</a> <a href="Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, <a href="Epitoma_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a>, IV, 32.2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Starr60.39-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr60.39_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr60.39_25-1">b</a> Starr (1960), p. 39.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Webster & Elton (1998), pp. 165-166.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddington2007">Saddington (2007</a>, pp. 210–211)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddington2007">Saddington (2007</a>, pp. 201–202)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, <a href="Epitoma_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a>, IV, 37.5.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, <a href="Epitoma_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a>, IV, 37.6.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="L'Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+2006%2C+01861&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">2006, 1861</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-CIL16.1-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIL16.1_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIL16.1_32-1">b</a> <a href="Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+16%2C+00001&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">XVI, 1</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/equesproc.html">Pflaum, H.G. (1950). Les procurateurs équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, pp. 50-53</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="L'Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1997%2C+01416&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1997, 1416</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-TacitoHistIII50-55-35"><a href="#cite_ref-TacitoHistIII50-55_35-0">^</a> <a href="Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, Historiae, III, 50 e 55.

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<li><cite id="CITEREFStarr1989" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Chester G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/influenceofseapo0000star">The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History</a>. Oxford University Press US.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWebsterElton1998" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Graham; Elton, Hugh (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanimperialarm0000webs_i9o6">The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D.</a> University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8061-3000-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWesch-Klein1998" class="citation book cs1">Wesch-Klein, Gabriele (1998). Soziale Aspekte des römischen Heerwesens in der Kaiserzeit. Franz Steiner Verlag.</cite></li></ul>

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